wrestling, sport in which two
unarmed opponents grapple with one another. The object is to secure a
fall, i.e., cause the opponent to lose balance and fall to the floor,
and ultimately to pin the supine opponent's shoulders to the floor,
through the use of body grips, strength, and adroitness.
One of the most
primitive and universal sports, wrestling was probably known in
prehistoric times. In ancient Greece, wrestlers were rated second only
to discus throwers as popular Olympic heroes. The Greeks practiced two
forms of wrestling—upright and ground. Wrestling was also included in
the pentathlon and the pankration (combined with boxing); the most
famous Greek wrestler was Milo of Crotona. Homer's account of the match
between Ajax and Ulysses (Iliad, XXIII) is one of the world's
greatest wrestling stories. Wrestling tournaments were held in medieval
Europe, and the sport has remained popular throughout history.
Distinctly different styles of wrestling exist
today. In Japan, for example, two types of wrestling styles are
popular—sumo and jujitsu. Sumo, in which the object is to force the
opponent out of the ring, is quasireligious in nature and involves much
ritual. Most of its participants weigh 300 to 400 lb (135–180 kg). For
centuries wrestling has been the center of life for the Nuba in Africa,
who wrestle only after covering themselves with symbolic ash. In the
traditional Turkish style of Pehlivan, wrestlers wear leather breeches
and cover themselves with oil; the Shwingen style of Switzerland and the
Glima of Iceland feature grips on the opponent's belt; the
Cumberland-Westmoreland style from Britain relies on holds that bend
opponents backward; in Central Asia, wrestlers still compete in Kuresh
wrestling passed down from the Turkmen centuries ago.
Nearly
all nations embrace the two types of wrestling contested in the
Olympics: Greco-Roman and
freestyle. Greco-Roman, most popular in continental Europe, prohibits
tripping, holds below the waist, and the use of one's legs. Freestyle
wrestling is most popular in the United States and E Europe. This form
permits tackling, tripping, and leg holds. High schools and colleges in
the United States employ a style that approximates freestyle. In
nonprofessional wrestling, contestants are classified by weight.
Wrestlers earn points for certain maneuvers and the highest accumulated
total wins if there is no pin during a match. Professional wrestling in
the United States, which is a form of entertainment rather than a sport,
has enjoyed several periods of popularity; it relies on colorful
showmanship and media exposure.